Financial Report 2020

39 The University of Hong Kong 香港大學 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements 合併財務報表附註 1. 主要會計政策 — 續 (m) 財務資產 — 續 (iv) 財務資產減值 — 續 就應收賬項，本機構應用香港 財務報告準則第 9 號允許使用 之簡化方法，並於初始確認時 確認應收貸款整個存續期的預 期信貸虧損。 按攤銷成本計量之財務資產 （不包括應收賬項）減值按十二 個月預期信貸虧損或全期預期 信貸虧損計量，視乎初次確認 後信貸風險是否大幅增加而 定。倘自初次確認後應收款的 信貸風險大幅增加，則按全期 預期信貸虧損計量減值。 倘信貸風險大幅增加或應收款 未根據協議所載條款結付，則 管理層認為該等應收款表現不 理想或無表現及按全期預期信 貸虧損計量減值。 倘管理層認為並無預期合理收 回款項的可能，則按攤銷成本 計量之財務資產將撇銷。 (n) 存貨 存貨包括指由香港大學出版社及香 港大學專業進修學院持有以供轉售 之書籍。該等存貨乃按成本與可變 現淨值兩者中之較低者列賬，成本 乃採用加權平均法計算。 (o) 應收賬項 本機構就應收賬項之全期預期虧損 對計量虧損撥備。預期虧損比率基 於歷史可觀察違約率，並按前瞻性 估計予以調整。 應收賬項最初按公平值確認，其後 以實際利率法按已攤銷成本扣除減 值撥備列賬。 本機構就應收賬項之全期預期虧損 對計量虧損撥備。預期虧損比率基 於歷史可觀察違約率，並按前瞻性 估計予以調整。 應收賬項之減值虧損於營運表現中 確認。應收賬項於合理預期無法收 回時（部份或全部）撇銷。 1. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES — Cont’d (m) Financial Assets — Cont’d (iv) Impairment of financial assets — Cont’d For accounts receivable, the Group applies the simplified approach permitted by HKFRS 9, which requires expected lifetime losses to be recognised from initial recognition of the receivables. Impairment on financial assets measured at amortised cost other than accounts receivable is measured as either 12-month expected credit losses or lifetime expected credit losses, depending on whether there has been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition. If a significant increase in credit risk of a receivable has occurred since initial recognition, then impairment is measured as lifetime expected credit loss. When there is a significant increase in credit risk or the receivables are not settled in accordance with the terms stipulated in the agreements, management considers these receivables as underperforming or non-performing and impairment is measured as lifetime expected credit loss. When management considers that there is no reasonable expectation of recovery, the financial assets measured at amortised cost will be written off. (n) Inventories Inventories comprise books held by the Hong Kong University Press and HKU SPACE for resale. They are stated at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Cost is calculated using the weighted average costing method. (o) Accounts Receivable If collection of accounts receivable is expected in one year or less (or in the normal operating cycle of the business if longer), they are classified as current assets. If not, they are presented as non-current assets. Accounts receivable are recognised initially at fair value and subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method, less provision for impairment. The Group measures the loss allowance using a lifetime expected loss for accounts receivable. The expected loss rates are based on the historical observed default rates adjusted for forward-looking estimates. Impairment losses on accounts receivable are recognised within operating result. Accounts receivable are written off (either partially or in full) when there is no reasonable expectation of recovery. Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements 合併財務報表附註 2020 Financial Report 二零二零財務報告 40 1. 主要會計政策 — 續 (p) 現金及等同現金 在綜合現金流量表中，現金及等同 現金包括庫存現金、銀行通知存 款、原到期日為三個月或以下的銀 行存款及其他短期高流動性投資及 銀行透支（如適用）。 (q) 撥備 當因過往事件須承擔現有法律性或 推定性責任，而解除這些責任時可 能需要消耗資源並能確立撥備一筆 可靠性估計金額。當預計準備可獲 償付，則將償付金確認為一項獨立 資產，惟只能在償付金可實質確定 時確認。 如有多項類似責任，其需要在結算 中有資源流出的可能性，則可根據 責任的類別整體考慮。即使在同一 責任類別所包含的任何一個項目相 關的資源流出的可能性極低，仍須 確認撥備。 撥備採用稅前預期需償付有關責任 的開支的現值計量。該現值反映當 時市場對金錢時間值和有關責任固 有風險的評估。隨時間過去而增加 的撥備確認為利息費用。 (r) 香港特區政府貸款 香港特區政府貸款乃用作資助全日 制課程。該貸款乃屬於政府補助按 公平價值並扣除產生的交易費用為 初始確認。貸款其後按攤消成本列 賬；所得款（扣除交易成本）與贖回 價值的任何差額，利用實際利率法 於貸放期間內在合併綜合收益表確 認。 (s) 遞延收益 有指定用途的收益包括政府撥款、 外界捐助（除用以購置物業，機器 及設備及無形資產或在建工程之遞 延資本基金入賬）及有關的利息及 投資收益乃按擬補償之成本配合所 需期間在合併綜合收益表中記賬。 而已收款項但並未確認為收益則在 合併財務狀況表列賬為遞延收益。 1. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES — Cont’d (p) Cash and Cash Equivalents In the consolidated statement of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents comprise cash in hand, deposits held at call with banks, other short-term highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less and bank overdrafts (if any). (q) Provisions Provisions are recognised when there is a present legal or constructive obligation as a result of past events, it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation, and the amount has been reliable estimated. Where a provision is expected to be reimbursed, the reimbursement is recognised as a separate asset but only when the reimbursement is virtually certain. Where there are a number of similar obligations, the likelihood that an outflow will be required in settlement is determined by considering the class of obligations as a whole. A provision is recognised even if the likelihood of an outflow with respect to any one item included in the same class of obligations may be small. Provisions are measured at the present value of the expenditures expected to be required to settle the obligation using a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risk specific to the obligation. The increase in the provision due to passage of time is recognised as interest expense. (r) Loans from the HKSAR Government Loans from the HKSAR Government are for financing full time programmes. They are regarded as government assistance and are recognised initially at fair value, net of transaction costs incurred. Loans are subsequently carried at amortised cost; any difference between the proceeds (net of transaction costs) and the redemption value is recognised in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income over the period of the loans using the effective interest method. (s) Deferred Income Funds earmarked for specific purposes including government subventions, donations and benefactions (other than for purchase of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets or construction of buildings which are dealt with as Deferred Capital Funds), as well as interest and investment income arising from these funds are recognised in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income to the extent of the related expenditure incurred during the year. Funds received but not yet recognised as income are recorded as deferred income on the consolidated statement of financial position.